Essay on Fidel Castro - 855 Words

Biography of Fidel Castro Fidel Castro was born on August 14, 1927 in Mayari, Cuba. His parents were relatively wealthy and owned a sugarcane plantation. During his childhood, he attended private Catholic Schools and graduated to attend the University of Havana in 1945. His teachers immediately noticed Fidels amazing memory, which he used to memorize entire books. At the university, he majored in law studies and became a member of several groups that opposed the Cuban regime, aiding exiles from the Dominican Republic in their political movement. The Cuban government dissolved the group in 1947 and Fidel joined in protests in Bogota that were intended to stop the Ninth International Conference of American States. He graduated with his†¦show more content†¦After a year, Batista granted amnesty to all political prisoners, including Fidel, and they were released. He had not lost his revolutionary attitude and moved to Mexico and form a new army of guerillas to overthrow the Cuban government. There he met Che Guevara, who was serving as a medical intern in Mexico City. They quickly joined forces and assembled a group of eighty-two guerillas, training them in the art of war. The group was called the 26th of July, in memory of the attack on the barracks in 1953. On December 2, 1956, the group returned to Cuba using a boat. When a man fell overboard, Fidel refused to continue until he was found. They landed, but the group was quickly destroyed by the Cuban army. The few survivors, including Fidel and Che, went into the mountains to hide. There they were able to conduct small hit-and-run operations as well as initiate a propaganda campaign that helped them to gain public support. Over two years, his group gained enough strength to force Batista to leave Cuba on January 1, 1959. Fidel moved to Havana and appointed himself the premier of Cuba. During his first speech as premier, a dove landed on his shoulder, causing the highly religious people of Cuba to believe that he was a messenger of God. He promised a government free of corruption and honest to the people, and kept most of the Cuban Constitution of 1940. However, his word was not kept and over the years heShow MoreRelatedFidel Castro2633 Words   |  11 PagesThere are many views that pe ople have of Cuba’s Fidel Castro. Castro is a figure with opinions on both ends of the spectrum. While he is not worldly popular at this point in his life, he was immensely beneficial to his country. Fidel Castro, leader of Cuba for the past 50 years may not be viewed in the best light, but he did phenomenal things for his people which makes him one of the most undervalued and overlooked political figures. Fidel Castro Ruz was born in Biran, Cuba on August 13, 1926 (BritannicaRead MoreFidel Castro5049 Words   |  21 PagesFidel Castro’s Influence on the Cuban Revolution, 1953-1959 The year was 1953 and Fidel Castro was a dashing and daring reformer that was determined to make a impact in a country that was ruled by an unjust president. With the Movement strong and confident, Castro delivered these strong words to his group of men: â€Å"In a few hours you will be victorious or defeated, but regardless of the outcome – listen well, friends – this Movement will triumph. If you win tomorrow, the aspirations of Martà ­ willRead MoreFidel Castro Is Alive1443 Words   |  6 Pages Upon his release, Castro went to Mexico where he spent the next year organizing the 26th of July Movement, which was based on the date of the failed Santiago de Cuba barracks attack. On December 2, 1956, Castro and the rest his fellow rebels of the 26th of July Movement landed on Cuban soil with the intention of starting a revolution. They were only met with the welcome of heavy Batista defenses, causing nearly everyone in the Movement to be killed. Barely anyone escaped, and those who did whichRead MoreEssay on Fidel Castro1274 Words   |  6 PagesFidel Castro The first journey for Christopher Columbus to the New World landed him in what we know as present day Cuba. The Spaniards occupied the island because of the great location and marketable importance that came about in the eighteenth century. Throughout time, Cuba has been under the control of dominant countries, such as Spain and the United States. The colonization process has been the consistent factor in Latin American countries, leaving the colonized without a senseRead MoreBiography of Fidel Castro1982 Words   |  8 PagesFidel Castro was born on August 13, 1926 in the Bà ­ran, Cuba. (See Figure 5) Fidel grew up in wealthier circumstances than most Cubans at the time, amid the massive and growing poverty. His father, à ngel Castro y Argiz, was originally an immigrant from Spain. During Fidel’s childhood, à ngel was a fairly prosperous sugarcane farmer on a farm that had been dominated by United States owned United Fruit Company. His mother, Lina Ruz Gonzalez, was a maid to Angels first wife, during Fidel’s infancy. ByRead MoreThe Life of Fidel Castro631 Words   |  3 Pages Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz, born in Birà ¡n, Cuba on August 13, 1926, changed his country ever since he came to power. Castro’s father, à ngel Castro y Argiz, was a wealthy plantation owner and was an immigrant from Galicia, Spain. His mother, Lina Ruz Gonzà ¡lez, was à ngel’s mistress and house servant while à ngel was still married to Maria Luisa Argota. Castro was educated in many Jesuit boarding schools, from grade school to middle school, in which he was a mediocre student and was not well behavedRead MoreEssay on Fidel Castro3330 Words   |  14 PagesFidel Castro In 1959, a rebel, Fidel Castro, overthrew the reign of Fulgencia Batista in Cuba; a small island 90 miles off the Florida coast. There have been many coups and changes of government in the world since then. Few if any have had the effect on Americans and American foreign policy as this one. In 1952, Sergeant Fulgencia Batista staged a successful bloodless coup in Cuba . Batista never really had any cooperation and rarely garnered much support. His reign was markedRead More fidel castro Essay866 Words   |  4 PagesCuba and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR). Fidel Castro is a Cuban revolutionary, who took control of Cuba in 1959 and established a Communist dictatorship. Castro, who was born in Mayari, became the leader of an underground, anti-government faction. In 1956, he led a rebellion that won increasing popular support. Eventually Castro forced Batista y Zaldivar, who was the premier of Cuba to flee the country. Once in power Castro executed and imprisoned thousands of political opponentsRead MoreFidel Castro Essay590 Words   |  3 PagesFidel Castro Fidel Castro Ruz was born on August 13, 1926, on his familys sugar plantation near Biran, Oriente province, Cuba. His father, originally an immigrant laborer from Galicia, Spain, became owner of a 23,000-acre plantation. As a boy, Castro worked in the familys sugar cane fields and at 6 years old convinced his parents to send him to school. He attended two Jesuit institutions, the Colegio Lasalle and the Colegio Dolores, both in Santiago. In 1942 he entered the ColegioRead MoreWho is Fidel Castro?2567 Words   |  10 PagesFidel Castro is arguably one of the most famous political leaders to ever live. He is internationally recognized for being a revolutionary, a supporter of communism, and an opposition of imperialism. Eugenia Charles is just as influential and recognizable around the World. She was the first female lawyer and Prime Minister of Dominica, and only the second female Prime Minister in Caribbean History. The contributions these two individuals have had on their respective nations have led to massive improvements

Essay on Fidel Castro - 855 Words

Biography of Fidel Castro Fidel Castro was born on August 14, 1927 in Mayari, Cuba. His parents were relatively wealthy and owned a sugarcane plantation. During his childhood, he attended private Catholic Schools and graduated to attend the University of Havana in 1945. His teachers immediately noticed Fidels amazing memory, which he used to memorize entire books. At the university, he majored in law studies and became a member of several groups that opposed the Cuban regime, aiding exiles from the Dominican Republic in their political movement. The Cuban government dissolved the group in 1947 and Fidel joined in protests in Bogota that were intended to stop the Ninth International Conference of American States. He graduated with his†¦show more content†¦After a year, Batista granted amnesty to all political prisoners, including Fidel, and they were released. He had not lost his revolutionary attitude and moved to Mexico and form a new army of guerillas to overthrow the Cuban government. There he met Che Guevara, who was serving as a medical intern in Mexico City. They quickly joined forces and assembled a group of eighty-two guerillas, training them in the art of war. The group was called the 26th of July, in memory of the attack on the barracks in 1953. On December 2, 1956, the group returned to Cuba using a boat. When a man fell overboard, Fidel refused to continue until he was found. They landed, but the group was quickly destroyed by the Cuban army. The few survivors, including Fidel and Che, went into the mountains to hide. There they were able to conduct small hit-and-run operations as well as initiate a propaganda campaign that helped them to gain public support. Over two years, his group gained enough strength to force Batista to leave Cuba on January 1, 1959. Fidel moved to Havana and appointed himself the premier of Cuba. During his first speech as premier, a dove landed on his shoulder, causing the highly religious people of Cuba to believe that he was a messenger of God. He promised a government free of corruption and honest to the people, and kept most of the Cuban Constitution of 1940. However, his word was not kept and over the years heShow MoreRelatedFidel Castro2633 Words   |  11 PagesThere are many views that pe ople have of Cuba’s Fidel Castro. Castro is a figure with opinions on both ends of the spectrum. While he is not worldly popular at this point in his life, he was immensely beneficial to his country. Fidel Castro, leader of Cuba for the past 50 years may not be viewed in the best light, but he did phenomenal things for his people which makes him one of the most undervalued and overlooked political figures. Fidel Castro Ruz was born in Biran, Cuba on August 13, 1926 (BritannicaRead MoreFidel Castro5049 Words   |  21 PagesFidel Castro’s Influence on the Cuban Revolution, 1953-1959 The year was 1953 and Fidel Castro was a dashing and daring reformer that was determined to make a impact in a country that was ruled by an unjust president. With the Movement strong and confident, Castro delivered these strong words to his group of men: â€Å"In a few hours you will be victorious or defeated, but regardless of the outcome – listen well, friends – this Movement will triumph. If you win tomorrow, the aspirations of Martà ­ willRead MoreFidel Castro Is Alive1443 Words   |  6 Pages Upon his release, Castro went to Mexico where he spent the next year organizing the 26th of July Movement, which was based on the date of the failed Santiago de Cuba barracks attack. On December 2, 1956, Castro and the rest his fellow rebels of the 26th of July Movement landed on Cuban soil with the intention of starting a revolution. They were only met with the welcome of heavy Batista defenses, causing nearly everyone in the Movement to be killed. Barely anyone escaped, and those who did whichRead MoreEssay on Fidel Castro1274 Words   |  6 PagesFidel Castro The first journey for Christopher Columbus to the New World landed him in what we know as present day Cuba. The Spaniards occupied the island because of the great location and marketable importance that came about in the eighteenth century. Throughout time, Cuba has been under the control of dominant countries, such as Spain and the United States. The colonization process has been the consistent factor in Latin American countries, leaving the colonized without a senseRead MoreBiography of Fidel Castro1982 Words   |  8 PagesFidel Castro was born on August 13, 1926 in the Bà ­ran, Cuba. (See Figure 5) Fidel grew up in wealthier circumstances than most Cubans at the time, amid the massive and growing poverty. His father, à ngel Castro y Argiz, was originally an immigrant from Spain. During Fidel’s childhood, à ngel was a fairly prosperous sugarcane farmer on a farm that had been dominated by United States owned United Fruit Company. His mother, Lina Ruz Gonzalez, was a maid to Angels first wife, during Fidel’s infancy. ByRead MoreThe Life of Fidel Castro631 Words   |  3 Pages Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz, born in Birà ¡n, Cuba on August 13, 1926, changed his country ever since he came to power. Castro’s father, à ngel Castro y Argiz, was a wealthy plantation owner and was an immigrant from Galicia, Spain. His mother, Lina Ruz Gonzà ¡lez, was à ngel’s mistress and house servant while à ngel was still married to Maria Luisa Argota. Castro was educated in many Jesuit boarding schools, from grade school to middle school, in which he was a mediocre student and was not well behavedRead MoreEssay on Fidel Castro3330 Words   |  14 PagesFidel Castro In 1959, a rebel, Fidel Castro, overthrew the reign of Fulgencia Batista in Cuba; a small island 90 miles off the Florida coast. There have been many coups and changes of government in the world since then. Few if any have had the effect on Americans and American foreign policy as this one. In 1952, Sergeant Fulgencia Batista staged a successful bloodless coup in Cuba . Batista never really had any cooperation and rarely garnered much support. His reign was markedRead More fidel castro Essay866 Words   |  4 PagesCuba and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR). Fidel Castro is a Cuban revolutionary, who took control of Cuba in 1959 and established a Communist dictatorship. Castro, who was born in Mayari, became the leader of an underground, anti-government faction. In 1956, he led a rebellion that won increasing popular support. Eventually Castro forced Batista y Zaldivar, who was the premier of Cuba to flee the country. Once in power Castro executed and imprisoned thousands of political opponentsRead MoreFidel Castro Essay590 Words   |  3 PagesFidel Castro Fidel Castro Ruz was born on August 13, 1926, on his familys sugar plantation near Biran, Oriente province, Cuba. His father, originally an immigrant laborer from Galicia, Spain, became owner of a 23,000-acre plantation. As a boy, Castro worked in the familys sugar cane fields and at 6 years old convinced his parents to send him to school. He attended two Jesuit institutions, the Colegio Lasalle and the Colegio Dolores, both in Santiago. In 1942 he entered the ColegioRead MoreWho is Fidel Castro?2567 Words   |  10 PagesFidel Castro is arguably one of the most famous political leaders to ever live. He is internationally recognized for being a revolutionary, a supporter of communism, and an opposition of imperialism. Eugenia Charles is just as influential and recognizable around the World. She was the first female lawyer and Prime Minister of Dominica, and only the second female Prime Minister in Caribbean History. The contributions these two individuals have had on their respective nations have led to massive improvements

Essay on Fidel Castro - 855 Words

Biography of Fidel Castro Fidel Castro was born on August 14, 1927 in Mayari, Cuba. His parents were relatively wealthy and owned a sugarcane plantation. During his childhood, he attended private Catholic Schools and graduated to attend the University of Havana in 1945. His teachers immediately noticed Fidels amazing memory, which he used to memorize entire books. At the university, he majored in law studies and became a member of several groups that opposed the Cuban regime, aiding exiles from the Dominican Republic in their political movement. The Cuban government dissolved the group in 1947 and Fidel joined in protests in Bogota that were intended to stop the Ninth International Conference of American States. He graduated with his†¦show more content†¦After a year, Batista granted amnesty to all political prisoners, including Fidel, and they were released. He had not lost his revolutionary attitude and moved to Mexico and form a new army of guerillas to overthrow the Cuban government. There he met Che Guevara, who was serving as a medical intern in Mexico City. They quickly joined forces and assembled a group of eighty-two guerillas, training them in the art of war. The group was called the 26th of July, in memory of the attack on the barracks in 1953. On December 2, 1956, the group returned to Cuba using a boat. When a man fell overboard, Fidel refused to continue until he was found. They landed, but the group was quickly destroyed by the Cuban army. The few survivors, including Fidel and Che, went into the mountains to hide. There they were able to conduct small hit-and-run operations as well as initiate a propaganda campaign that helped them to gain public support. Over two years, his group gained enough strength to force Batista to leave Cuba on January 1, 1959. Fidel moved to Havana and appointed himself the premier of Cuba. During his first speech as premier, a dove landed on his shoulder, causing the highly religious people of Cuba to believe that he was a messenger of God. He promised a government free of corruption and honest to the people, and kept most of the Cuban Constitution of 1940. However, his word was not kept and over the years heShow MoreRelatedFidel Castro2633 Words   |  11 PagesThere are many views that pe ople have of Cuba’s Fidel Castro. Castro is a figure with opinions on both ends of the spectrum. While he is not worldly popular at this point in his life, he was immensely beneficial to his country. Fidel Castro, leader of Cuba for the past 50 years may not be viewed in the best light, but he did phenomenal things for his people which makes him one of the most undervalued and overlooked political figures. Fidel Castro Ruz was born in Biran, Cuba on August 13, 1926 (BritannicaRead MoreFidel Castro5049 Words   |  21 PagesFidel Castro’s Influence on the Cuban Revolution, 1953-1959 The year was 1953 and Fidel Castro was a dashing and daring reformer that was determined to make a impact in a country that was ruled by an unjust president. With the Movement strong and confident, Castro delivered these strong words to his group of men: â€Å"In a few hours you will be victorious or defeated, but regardless of the outcome – listen well, friends – this Movement will triumph. If you win tomorrow, the aspirations of Martà ­ willRead MoreFidel Castro Is Alive1443 Words   |  6 Pages Upon his release, Castro went to Mexico where he spent the next year organizing the 26th of July Movement, which was based on the date of the failed Santiago de Cuba barracks attack. On December 2, 1956, Castro and the rest his fellow rebels of the 26th of July Movement landed on Cuban soil with the intention of starting a revolution. They were only met with the welcome of heavy Batista defenses, causing nearly everyone in the Movement to be killed. Barely anyone escaped, and those who did whichRead MoreEssay on Fidel Castro1274 Words   |  6 PagesFidel Castro The first journey for Christopher Columbus to the New World landed him in what we know as present day Cuba. The Spaniards occupied the island because of the great location and marketable importance that came about in the eighteenth century. Throughout time, Cuba has been under the control of dominant countries, such as Spain and the United States. The colonization process has been the consistent factor in Latin American countries, leaving the colonized without a senseRead MoreBiography of Fidel Castro1982 Words   |  8 PagesFidel Castro was born on August 13, 1926 in the Bà ­ran, Cuba. (See Figure 5) Fidel grew up in wealthier circumstances than most Cubans at the time, amid the massive and growing poverty. His father, à ngel Castro y Argiz, was originally an immigrant from Spain. During Fidel’s childhood, à ngel was a fairly prosperous sugarcane farmer on a farm that had been dominated by United States owned United Fruit Company. His mother, Lina Ruz Gonzalez, was a maid to Angels first wife, during Fidel’s infancy. ByRead MoreThe Life of Fidel Castro631 Words   |  3 Pages Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz, born in Birà ¡n, Cuba on August 13, 1926, changed his country ever since he came to power. Castro’s father, à ngel Castro y Argiz, was a wealthy plantation owner and was an immigrant from Galicia, Spain. His mother, Lina Ruz Gonzà ¡lez, was à ngel’s mistress and house servant while à ngel was still married to Maria Luisa Argota. Castro was educated in many Jesuit boarding schools, from grade school to middle school, in which he was a mediocre student and was not well behavedRead MoreEssay on Fidel Castro3330 Words   |  14 PagesFidel Castro In 1959, a rebel, Fidel Castro, overthrew the reign of Fulgencia Batista in Cuba; a small island 90 miles off the Florida coast. There have been many coups and changes of government in the world since then. Few if any have had the effect on Americans and American foreign policy as this one. In 1952, Sergeant Fulgencia Batista staged a successful bloodless coup in Cuba . Batista never really had any cooperation and rarely garnered much support. His reign was markedRead More fidel castro Essay866 Words   |  4 PagesCuba and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR). Fidel Castro is a Cuban revolutionary, who took control of Cuba in 1959 and established a Communist dictatorship. Castro, who was born in Mayari, became the leader of an underground, anti-government faction. In 1956, he led a rebellion that won increasing popular support. Eventually Castro forced Batista y Zaldivar, who was the premier of Cuba to flee the country. Once in power Castro executed and imprisoned thousands of political opponentsRead MoreFidel Castro Essay590 Words   |  3 PagesFidel Castro Fidel Castro Ruz was born on August 13, 1926, on his familys sugar plantation near Biran, Oriente province, Cuba. His father, originally an immigrant laborer from Galicia, Spain, became owner of a 23,000-acre plantation. As a boy, Castro worked in the familys sugar cane fields and at 6 years old convinced his parents to send him to school. He attended two Jesuit institutions, the Colegio Lasalle and the Colegio Dolores, both in Santiago. In 1942 he entered the ColegioRead MoreWho is Fidel Castro?2567 Words   |  10 PagesFidel Castro is arguably one of the most famous political leaders to ever live. He is internationally recognized for being a revolutionary, a supporter of communism, and an opposition of imperialism. Eugenia Charles is just as influential and recognizable around the World. She was the first female lawyer and Prime Minister of Dominica, and only the second female Prime Minister in Caribbean History. The contributions these two individuals have had on their respective nations have led to massive improvements

The Dos and Donts of Critical Response Essay Samples

The Do's and Don'ts of Critical Response Essay Samples The Good, the Bad and Critical Response Essay Samples For instance, some men and women require a plan, but others think that the formal plan kills the inspiration. You cannot merely say what comes to your mind however, you should rather assert only things which may be proved. Example 2 Many people would consider social work career dependent on the simple fact that they're basically interested in helping people. These advice on ways to compose a crucial response will allow you to overcome your uncertainty. There are a number of different varieties of critical analysis a student authoring a crucial review paper may be requested to write. With a summary, you should begin to compose a crucial analysis essay step-by-step. The duration of the essay often determines the variety of body paragraphs to get in your writing. The overview of your critical analysis paper will be contained within the body. The above is almost a cli che, but it's indeed vital to being a decent crucial essay writer. Although it could be correlated, the editor doesn't say that it's, so it's only Carr's observation. The essay ends off with a conclusion that brings together all your statements in a way that supports the most important argument. Critical essay is a type of academic writing. You may be interested in high school essay examples. If you would like your essay to follow the formal requirements and appear presentable, be certain to use the writer's last name or spell out their names in full. A vital essay is intended to be informative, meaning that all claims ought to be backed up by a credible evidence instead of simply stated because it strikes the author's fancy. Besides having the capability to consider analytically, writing the important response essay demands the student to have a superior knowledge of the novel or article they are writing about. It may even be useful to have somebody else read your essay to make certain it is simple to comprehend and engaging. You cannot address more than two primary ideas in your critical response essay as you will not be able express your thoughts clearly. You could also take a look at concept essay examples. If this is the case, you've seen an overall instance of a crucial response essay. It is very important to select the topic you're interested and familiar with. Selecting a topic can be challenging. It is not hard to select the topics for critical essay type. Critical Response Essay Samples Fundamentals Explained Thus, to steer clear of negative effects, you ought to use samples wisely. Conclusion Overall the movie grows more interesting as a result of the cinematography and sound consequences. You are able to discover thousands of sample essays, but remember that many are poorly written. The One Thing to Do for Critical Response Essay Samples When dealing with a challenging argument, summarize in simple means to make meaning and bring out an argument that someone can understand. Don't make assumptions your reader understands what you're speaking about. So as to demonstrate that you've grasped the ideas of the author, you have to bring citations or other references to show your understanding. Your thesis statement ought to be able to effectively summariz e the claim you are working to make. Analysis of Content Bierce's narrative is one which uses content as a way of playing with literary devices. Advertisement can attract anyone it wishes. Writing a critical essay gives us the opportunity to have a look at things from a different standpoint. The selection of the graphic organizer rides on the purpose for which it is intended. For instance, the author claims that the simple fact that Jesus really existed has not yet been proven. Evaluate if he has achieved the purpose of his or her written work. In contrast to popular belief by a considerable part of students, critical essay writing isn't about criticizing or focusing on the negative part of analysis. Revising an assignment is critical as it can help to clarify the major point along with ensures the readers' needs are satisfied. Thus, the fundamental concept is obedience. You can get the essential knowledge in many ways.

Arts hold their own in Clinton budget Essay Example For Students

Arts hold their own in Clinton budget Essay President Clinton made good on his intention to revitalize the dormant Presidents Committee on the Arts and Humanities by appointing Ellen McCulloch-Lovell executive director in early February. McCulloch-Lovell, former chief of staff for Sen. Patrick Leahy (D-Vt.) and former executive director of the Vermont Council on the Arts, will head a committee unnamed at press time composed of the heads of federal agencies with cultural programs and members of the private sector. The President is committed to government support for both , McCulloch-Lovell said. He is also committed to increasing private support and looking for creative ways that both sectors can combine to keep our cultural life vital. The sentiment in favor of public-private partnership was echoed by House Interior Appropriations subcommittee member Rep. Norman Dicks (D-Wash.), a guest at the quarterly meeting of the National Council on the Arts in February. (NEA chairman Jane Alexander had also invited Republican senator Jesse Helms of North Carolina, whose schedule kept him from attending.) Alexander highlighted the local impact of a $420,000 NEA grant for a new performing arts complex in Dickss Tacoma district, prompting the congressman to comment on how important the catalytic quality of support has been for the state of Washington. Tell about the importance of the arts in each of these communities. More vigorous levels Shortly after the council meeting, President Clinton submitted his fiscal year 1995 budget to Congress, recommending current level funding for the NEA ($170.2 million), NEH ($177.5 million) and Institute of Museum Services ($28.8 million). Because of an increase in the NEAs administrative allocation, the presidents level request, if passed, would actually reduce Program funds, including a $50,000 cut to the Theater Program, a $25,000 cut to the Opera-musical Theater Program and a $98,000 cut to the Challenge Program. With literally hundreds of federal programs slated for reductions in the coming fiscal year, I am measurably heartened by an FY 95 budget request that maintains funding for the NEA at current levels, said chairman Alexander. I hope that, as the economy continues to recover and the budget deficit is brought under control, Our nation will restore funding for the arts to more vigorous levels. American Arts Alliance chairman Robert P. Bergman, director of the Cleveland Museum of Art, responded to the Clinton Administrations FY95 budget proposal. In the current climate of drastic budget cuts and the elimination of many federal programs, we are pleased that the President recognizes the importance of the arts to this country and left intact the budgets of three of these vital cultural agencies, he said, adding that the Alliance will work in Washington and in communities across the country toward increasing national funding for the arts and humanities. What the arts can do The arts merit government support because they help to fulfill multiple national goals, Bergman continued. They instill values by helping people reconnect to their spirituality; bring people together through a universality that transcends deep differences and divisions in an increasingly diverse society; improve education by helping to impart knowledge, enhance cognitive development, improve analytical thinking and motivation, inspire teamwork, and help create self-esteem; and stimulate the economy through their positive impact on job creation, tax-base enhancement, increased tourism, improved community development and growth of auxiliary service jobs. Shortly before the Presidents 1995 budget request was issued, the House of Representatives defeated an amendment to the Emergency Supplemental Appropriations for Earthquake Assistance Bill, which would have included a $15-million cut to federally funded arts and humanities by reducing the 1994 budgets of the NEA, NEH, Smithsonian Institution, National Gallery of Art and Corporation for Public Broadcasting by 2 percent each. The amendment lost by a vote of 240 to 178 on Feb. 3. Barbara Janowitz .ud33f3827bc8f40807f1cee353b30ef4e , .ud33f3827bc8f40807f1cee353b30ef4e .postImageUrl , .ud33f3827bc8f40807f1cee353b30ef4e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud33f3827bc8f40807f1cee353b30ef4e , .ud33f3827bc8f40807f1cee353b30ef4e:hover , .ud33f3827bc8f40807f1cee353b30ef4e:visited , .ud33f3827bc8f40807f1cee353b30ef4e:active { border:0!important; } .ud33f3827bc8f40807f1cee353b30ef4e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud33f3827bc8f40807f1cee353b30ef4e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud33f3827bc8f40807f1cee353b30ef4e:active , .ud33f3827bc8f40807f1cee353b30ef4e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud33f3827bc8f40807f1cee353b30ef4e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud33f3827bc8f40807f1cee353b30ef4e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud33f3827bc8f40807f1cee353b30ef4e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud33f3827bc8f40807f1cee353b30ef4e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud33f3827bc8f40807f1cee353b30ef4e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud33f3827bc8f40807f1cee353b30ef4e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud33f3827bc8f40807f1cee353b30ef4e .ud33f3827bc8f40807f1cee353b30ef4e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud33f3827bc8f40807f1cee353b30ef4e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: National Theatre Production Argumentative EssayFREEDOM OF EXPRESSION WATCH Is the aftermath of the bombing of Hiroshima too hot a topic for the youngsters of Lancaster, Pa.? Responding to a citizens complaint, the county commissioners stopped payment on about $11,000 in funding for a Fulton Theatre Company touring production of Kathryn Schultz Millers A Thousand Cranes. The widely produced drama for young audiences tells the story of a 12-year-old Japanese girl with leukemia who folds origami cranes for the cause of world peace. Objections to the plays anti-American propaganda message led the commission to withhold payment, threatening Fultons 1994 tour to 45 schools, before reinstating the grant following widespread support for the theatre. Pennsylvanias Cheltenham Center for the Arts found itself in the center of a controversy caused by its recent production of Karen Sundes La Pucelle, staged by artistic director Ken Marini. The plays focus on a dream-state dialogue between Joan of Arc and a stand-up comedian who has lost faith in God offended some 200 Roman Catholics, who attended a meeting of the Cheltenham board of commissioners and convinced them to publicly condemn the play. Although the commissioners warned the theatre that local funding would stop unless they clean up their act, they actually voted only to request the Center to close the play. A motion to withdraw more than $20,000 in township funds to the Center failed. The Finley v. NEA case was back in court in early February. Attorneys for the U.S. justice Department gave oral arguments supporting the Clinton Administrations appeal of the 1992 ruling that struck down as unconstitutionally vague the NEAs 1990 statute that grants comply with general standards of decency and respect for all the diverse beliefs and values of the American public. The suit, initially filed by performance artists Karen Finley, John Fleck, Holly Hughes and Tim Miller, challenged the constitutionality of the so-called decency clause mandated by Congress. Although the Suit was settled out of court last year for $252,000, the decision was appealed by the justice Department first under the Bush Administration, but then continued after the election of Bill Clinton. The governments appeal argues that since concerns of decency will be taken care of as long as there is diversity on the panel, they are only tangential to the grant process and cannot be construed as a governmenta l effort to control speech. A decision is not expected for several months.

Unme Jeans Essay Example

Unme Jeans Essay Which, if any, of the three social media plans should Foley pursue? Why? Among the three marketing communications plans, Zwinktopia, Facebook and YouTube, I suggest that Margret Foley pursue the Zwinktopia option. The suggestion is based on the consideration of (1) how efficient the marketing vehicle reaches the target consumer; (2) how well the plan delivers the brand image of UnMe and (3) whether it fits into UnMe’s marketing budget. (1) How efficient the marketing vehicle reaches the target consumer UnMe jeans targeted at teen girls who have their own unique taste in fashion. They are social and are trend leaders in their communities. The target group has grown up with the development of Web 2. 0 as well as with the downturn of traditional media. Compare to YouTube and Facebook, which have an audience of all ages, Zwinktopia’s audience fits right into the target group of UnMe jeans. Zwinktopia is designed for the girls who are from 13 to 24 years old and focuses on the contents of fashion and music. The ultimate goal of marketing is to boost sales. As one of the largest virtual world, Second Life can tell certain trend in regards to marketing and sales. We will write a custom essay sample on Unme Jeans specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Unme Jeans specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Unme Jeans specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer According to 2007’s Virtual Product Sales on Slexchange, the largest sales generated from apparel. Also, the article addressed the audience is shifting from Second Life to other virtual world such as Zwinktopia. And by the end of 2011, it is estimated that 80% of the online users will have an appearance in the virtual world. It is reasonable to believe marketing on Zwinktopia will not only increase brand awareness but also boost sales in real world. (2) How well the plan delivers the brand image of UnMe Zwinktopia is the most straightforward media vehicle to deliver UnMe’s brand image among all three options. On Zwinktopia, UnMe will have its virtual retail store to announce any products simultaneously when a new edition of jeans is release in the real world. It encourages the Zwinkies to design their own outfits based on their unique taste. Additionally, Zwinktopia is easy to be linked to Facebook or MySpace. The campaign strategy well delivers UnMe’s brand image of individuality appreciation and encouraging teenager girls to stand out and to speak against conformity and peer pressure. The ideas of sharing the experience of wearing UnMe jeans and virtual jeans design competition on Zwinktopia are consistent with the culture of Web 2. social media. The marketing plan would empower potential consumers to get involved in, to co-create, and to share in their own way rather than pure delivering the message. Zwinktopia is most likely to be successful when compared to the widget on Facebook and the in-video ads on YouTube. (3) Whether it fits into UnMe’s marketing budget Last but not least, Zwinktopia’s marketing plan is the most economical one among all social medias. Ms. Foley’s marketing budget has a highest CPM of $29. 95 in the existing market plans. The cost of using Zwinktopia is $300,000 annually while $500,000 for Facebook and $600,000 for YouTube at a CPM of $40. Ms. Foley is seeking an experimental Web 2. 0 marketing plan so as to that the cost is definitely a constraint. In sum, using Zwinktopia as the marketing vehicle in the Web 2. 0 world would directly reach out the target teen girls, have them better understand UnMe’s concept, get engaged in the business and experience a relatively lowest financial risk compared to Facebook and YouTube’s high CPM. Thus, Zwinktopia is most likely to be successful when UnMe wishes to have a taste of Web 2. marketing. 2. What benefits would Foley gain from each of the three social media plans? What risks does each entail? How can Foley better reap the benefits and mitigate the risks of each of the programs? Zwinktopia-Benefits †¢The marketing plan of using Zwinktopia as a media vehicle would help UnMe to be engaged in a virtual market where the target demographics are concentrated. †¢Zwinktopia has the right content, fashion, for UnMe. Launching the virtual retail store in Zwinktopia would inform the audience about new products in real world and stimulate in-world purchasing of UnMe jeans. The jeans design competition in Zwinktopia would provide a platform for UnMe to learn about what the target audience wants and needs. The interaction with the potential consumers would increase the brand awareness and educate the target audience with UnMe’s concept and core knowledge. †¢Zwinktopia allows video uploads and is easy to be linked to other social networks such as Facebook and MySpace. Cooperating with Zwinktopia would be benefit for future advertising in the horizontal social networks. †¢Zwinktopia option has the lowest initial investment operation cost and among all three marketing plans. Zwinktopia-Risks †¢The UnMe Company has never involved in any social media marketing. The marketing plan on paper sounds attractive and feasible but uncertainties and high learning curves might appear when the company takes action. †¢It lacks knowledge of Zwinkies. Just like Ms. Foley’s concern, the marketers cannot predict or control the avatar’s behavior. The virtual retail store might have normal customers and experience with virtual insanity. Some real life ethics and moral rules do not apply in the virtual life. †¢The marketing plan also drags UnMe into virtual competition. Apparel is the best sell in the virtual world but there are thousands of virtual retail stores selling hundreds of different brands. Also it is hard to choose the metrics or to measure the return on the advertising. †¢The amount of users on Zwinktopia is smaller than other social media. Facebook-Benefits †¢Facebook is one of the fastest growing social media. Its users spent the longest time on the website and it has the highest click through rate. †¢It’s very easy for UnMe to set up an account and once an individual befriended with UnMe jeans, UnMe would share her/his entire social community. UnMe’s friend on Facebook is UnMe’s ambassador. She would carry UnMe’s profile on her homepage and to her community. If UnMe had any updates and promotions, the message would appear on the â€Å"news feed† in the entire friend’s circle. Thus, Facebook profile picture increase the visibility of UnMe jeans. †¢Facebook provides an intera ctive environment that UnMe can directly speak to it’s friends/ customers. It would make the audience feel much closer to UnMe and build up a relationship with the company. †¢UnMe can use the photo and video uploading functions on Facebook in order to promote new lines and advertisements. Facebook- Risks †¢Commercial profiles are not new to Facebook users. The audience already learned how to ignore the advertisements on Facebook or just clicked on the profile and never checked it again. †¢As discussed in the case, the recall of any specific one is nearly equal to 0 when consumers view hundreds of ads on TV. Advertising on Facebook has the same clutter problem. †¢It would be hard for Ms. Foley to measure how much return from the advertising on Facebook. YouTube-Benefits †¢YouTube is world leading web 2. 0 social media and has the biggest amount of audience in the United States. The in-video advertising allows the audience to participate into the promotion strategy. YouTube users can interacted with each other by conducting comments, forwarding to a friend or uploading a new video regarding to the ad. †¢UnMe might learn some business experiences from other brands such as Axe and Toyota, which have already used YouTube channels for marketing succ essfully. YouTube- Risks †¢A successful YouTube in-video advertising depends on inserting in the right channel and the video itself. All highly viewed commercial videos are unique, creative and entertaining. These videos are distinctive in a good way that the YouTube audience felt like watching it and recommending it to anther friend. Therefore, if the assumption of an entertaining video failed, then there is no way to gain the high click rate or to achieve any of the marketing goals. †¢The cost of the YouTube marketing plan is the highest of all options. As an experimental social media plan, Ms. Foley would take too much financial risk as choosing the YouTube plan. †¢The UnMe Company has no control over the audience who watch the video. Whether they are the target consumers is remained unknown. And the interaction is between audience, not between UnMe and the consumers. UnMe cannot directly talk with the customer. In order to utilize each marketing plan, Ms. Foley has the following key points to be taken care of in order to enjoy the benefits and avoid potential risks; For establishing the UnMe virtual retail store in Zwinktopia, if Ms. Foley can hire some marketer who has experience dealing with virtual selling would be a plus to implement the marketing plan. The experienced employee might offset the high learning curve. For Facebook marketing, the most useful tool is the widget based on other’s successful story. How to design the widget decides how many people would add it to the homepage and use it. As proposed in the case, the key point for a popular widget is either it is very functional or it has a strong entertaining purpose. As to the in-video advertising on YouTube, the video should catch the eyes of teen girls and make them feel it is interesting and adding value. The marketing plan mentioned that the four-minute video would be selected by the uploads from teen girls who â€Å"forged their own identities†(Steenburch, 2008). It could go further into the audience such as selecting the â€Å"Miss UnMe† based on how popular the video clip is. Creating the buzz is the most difficult and valuable phase in this marketing plan. Also, hiring a professional team to create the four-minute video ad is critical. It must be professional, not just a simple put-everything-together clip. Like the â€Å"Bom chika Wah Wah† video, it is funny, distinctive and delivers a strong theme.

Free Essays on The Plausibility Of The Parable

When appreciating a piece of fiction that pertains to the destruction of civilized society, the first criticism the book must face is whether or not the source of civilizations downfall is conceivable. The source of man’s downfall tends to be the general threat to characters existence, more often than not the adaptation to that threat being the driving force of the plot. When this criticism is directed at â€Å"The Parable of the Sower† by Octavia E. Butler, one finds a lack of a target. The effects of the destruction of civilization are widespread and rampant, however no true cause is ever revealed. Society, plagued by global warming and other detriments that Butler keeps unspecified, has collapsed. Los Angeles has devolved into â€Å"walled island neighborhoods in a sea of utter chaos,† (Butler, 23). Residents have been forced to themselves to keep from being overrun by hoards of homeless and starving just beyond the walls. Gangs of thug’s rape, pillage and, under the influence of a drug called pyro, burn whole neighborhoods to the ground for the sheer joy of destruction. Everything we take for granted today now comes with a price. No one can be trusted. Violence is a way of life. People hear gunfire so much that [they no longer] hear it, (Butler, 440). The world inhabited by the young narrator, an African-American girl called Lauren Olamina, is in an advanced state of social, economic and environmental decay. The energy crisis means you can see stars in the sky and people go around on bicycles instead of cars. But rarely do they venture out, except as armed grou ps of families, cycling out into the corpse-ridden hills for essential target practice. School is an anachronism. Lauren, a preacher’s daughter, is one of the few who can read. Her mother’s drug addiction while pregnant has left Lauren with a shameful condition – ‘hyperempathy’. If she sees a creature in pain she feels their pain and becomes temporarily disabl... Free Essays on The Plausibility Of The Parable Free Essays on The Plausibility Of The Parable When appreciating a piece of fiction that pertains to the destruction of civilized society, the first criticism the book must face is whether or not the source of civilizations downfall is conceivable. The source of man’s downfall tends to be the general threat to characters existence, more often than not the adaptation to that threat being the driving force of the plot. When this criticism is directed at â€Å"The Parable of the Sower† by Octavia E. Butler, one finds a lack of a target. The effects of the destruction of civilization are widespread and rampant, however no true cause is ever revealed. Society, plagued by global warming and other detriments that Butler keeps unspecified, has collapsed. Los Angeles has devolved into â€Å"walled island neighborhoods in a sea of utter chaos,† (Butler, 23). Residents have been forced to themselves to keep from being overrun by hoards of homeless and starving just beyond the walls. Gangs of thug’s rape, pillage and, under the influence of a drug called pyro, burn whole neighborhoods to the ground for the sheer joy of destruction. Everything we take for granted today now comes with a price. No one can be trusted. Violence is a way of life. People hear gunfire so much that [they no longer] hear it, (Butler, 440). The world inhabited by the young narrator, an African-American girl called Lauren Olamina, is in an advanced state of social, economic and environmental decay. The energy crisis means you can see stars in the sky and people go around on bicycles instead of cars. But rarely do they venture out, except as armed grou ps of families, cycling out into the corpse-ridden hills for essential target practice. School is an anachronism. Lauren, a preacher’s daughter, is one of the few who can read. Her mother’s drug addiction while pregnant has left Lauren with a shameful condition – ‘hyperempathy’. If she sees a creature in pain she feels their pain and becomes temporarily disabl...

Just Uses for English Speakers

Just Uses for English Speakers The word just is an important word in English used in many different ways. Just can be used as a time expression, to say that something is important, to emphasize words, as a synonym for only, and in a number of fixed expressions. Use this guide to just to help you use this keyword in English correctly. Just - As a Time Expression Just = Recently Just is most often used to express that something has recently happened. Use just with the present perfect tense to indicate that an action has recently occurred and influences the present moment of speaking. Ive just been to the bank.Toms just arrived. You can speak to him now.Marys just finished the report. Exception: American English vs. British English In everyday conversation American English uses just with the past simple, as well as the present perfect, to express that something recently happened. In British English, the present perfect is used. American English He just finished lunch.ORHes just finished lunch. British English Janes just been to the bank.NOTJane just went to the bank. Just = Immediately Just can also be used as a time expression to mean that something important will happen immediately. In this case, use the present continuous tense or going to to express that something is about to happen. Hes just getting ready to go now.Im just going to finish this and then we can go. Just = Close to the Time Just is also used to express that something happened at approximately to the time mentioned in phrases such as: just after, just before, just when, just as. I saw Tom just as he was leaving yesterday.Jennifer finished the report just as the boss asked her for it.Just when you think youve seen everything, something like this happens! Just - as an Adverb Meaning Only Just is also used as an adverb meaning only, merely, simply, and so on. Dont worry about that cup, its just an old thing.She said she just needed some vacation time to relax.Richard is just the spokesman. Just - as an Adverb Meaning Exactly Just can also be used as an adverb meaning exactly or precisely. Thats just the information I need to understand the situation.Alexander is just the person for the job. Just - as an Adjective Meaning Honest Just is also used as an adjective to mean that someone is honest, or fair in his judgement. Hes a just man so you can expect to be treated well.You need to be just with all your students, not just the ones you like. Fixed Expressions With Just Just is also used in a number of idiomatic and fixed expressions. Here are some of the most common: Just in Time = Ready at the Exact Moment Necessary In the business world many products are made just in time. In other words, they are ready when a customer needs them and not before. Our supplier uses just in time manufacturing to fill our orders.Using a just in time approach reduces our warehousing costs by 60%. Just off the Boat = Naive, Not Experienced Someone who is just off the boat is new to a situation and doesnt understand certain unwritten rules, or ways of behavior. Give him some time to adjust to the new position. Remember hes just off the boat and will need some time to get up to speed.They seemed as if they were just off the boat because they couldnt understand what was being asked of them. Just the Ticket = Exactly What Is Needed Just is used like exactly when expressing something that is precisely what is needed in a situation. The two weeks off work was just the ticket. I feel like a new man.I think your ideas are just the ticket for our marketing campaign. Just What the Doctor Ordered = Exactly What Is Needed Just what the doctor ordered is another idiomatic expression that expresses the idea that something precisely what is needed in a situation. I think his solution was just what the doctor ordered.The grammar review was just what the doctor ordered for getting students ready.

EMERGING MARKETS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

EMERGING MARKETS - Essay Example Banks were mostly publicly owned, although capital markets were allowed. Currently, India`s financial system is the most established in the emerging market economies. The financial systems of both countries are dominated by banks. For instance, China`s industrious savers have no choice to formal banking system. On the contrary, a significant number of Indians distrust banks but they have a preference to amass gold and real estate properties as an alternative. In addition, both governments need banks to serve social objectives, but the Indian government is more translucent concerning the shared results being worth the expense. Banks whether private or public must meet objectives for countryside access to banking services and loaning to significance sections and must distribute a needed share of their savings to public sector unions. The Chinese government`s political main concerns are to guarantee steady well-ordered liberalization of openly possessed manufacturers and economic growth adequate to captivate millions of labor force competitors, immigrants, as well as laid off employees every year. Bank loaning is still registered to finance much of this development even as banks are restructured to meet new oversea competition. Bank reforms started in earnest in 1995 when institutions and regulations were transformed to change them into commercial banks (Bosworth and Collins 2007). Practical norms for loaning were introduced, banking, secur ities as well as indemnity supervisors were developed and regulatory principles constricted. Three policy banks were established to carry on policy loaning roles and made regional heads purportedly with sufficient seniority to force bank loaning on credit worthiness criteria. The local banking system of China currently comprises of a considerable number of institutions almost all of which are under the ownership of various

How to Prevent and Reduce Stress at Cleeve Link Essay

How to Prevent and Reduce Stress at Cleeve Link - Essay Example The main findings of the research are that in Cleeve Hill staffs have been identified five categories of substantive factors that can be identified as potential cause of work-related stress: quantitative and qualitative demands, autonomy and Control, employee involvement in organisational changes, relations at work (including support from colleagues and line managements), role of the employee. This paper declares that notably in some organizations, many tasks are added to a single job description making it barely for any employee to perform without being stressed. In such circumstances, the employees find themselves with heavy workloads, infrequent work breaks, long working hours and or little shift turnover. According to Friedman, a philosopher who investigated the optimum conditions that a human being would be most productive in performing some tasks advocated that human beings perform more efficiently under less duress. Different organizations have different forms of leadership depending on their nature or objectives. However, the major management can be categorised into two main categories namely democratic and autocratic. Democratic leaders employ a bureaucratic approach to leadership ensuring that organizational decisions are made in line with the opinion of all employees. On the contrary, autocratic leaders act on their own; any decision affecting an organization is left in the hands of the top management. In line with this, the manner in which decisions are made in organizations affect employees directly.

Physico-Chemical Structure or Bonding Essay Example for Free

Physico-Chemical Structure or Bonding Essay Hydrogen bond is one of the most essential concepts in supramolecular chemistry or molecular sociology. It has significant ramifications on molecular biology and materials science. The term and concept ‘hydrogen bond’ has only emerged after 1930; however the general notion of weak but specific interaction that involves hydrides is much older (Webmaster 2005). Hydrogen bond refers to the attractive force between the hydrogen that has attached to an electronegative atom of a molecule and an electronegative atom of an unlike molecule. It is a special case of dipole forces wherein the electronegative atom is usually an oxygen, nitrogen or fluorine—elements that have a partial negative charge, except for hydrogen which possesses a partial positive side (Ophardt c. 2003). Hydrogen bonding happens when two electronegative atoms, for instance nitrogen and oxygen, interact with the same hydrogen. Normally, the hydrogen is covalently attached to an atom which is referred as the donor. But it interacts electrostatically with the other, known as acceptor. The interaction is primarily because of the dipole amid the electronegative atoms and proton (Day 1996). It is the strongest molecular force and passes on some strange properties to a myriad of substances namely water, proteins and nucleotides (Structure and Bonding: The Hydrogen Bond n. d. ). Hydrogen bond is one of the most important components of biological life. If there is no hydrogen bond, there will be no life because it holds the double helix of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) together (Emsley 2000). Hydrogen forms and structures covalent bonds with other molecules to produce and make molecules that are stable than the free atoms. The electron of the hydrogen is shared between the hydrogen and the atom to which it is bonded. The other electron from the bonded atom is also shared between the two (The Structure of DNA n. d. ). It is done through charge attractions. If hydrogen is bonded to oxygen or nitrogen, it evolves to be slightly positive charged. That fact allows the hydrogen bond to attract a center of negative charge on another molecule—it can be another oxygen or another nitrogen atom. Thus the hydrogen bond is written such as O-H=N (= signifies hydrogen bond). There are O-H=O or N-H=O and N-H=N—it is the weakest bond (Emsley 2000). That is the effect of hydrogen bonds on DNA. On the other hand, there is a study that has been conducted by Eric Kool, a professor of Chemistry from the University of Rochester, wherein a finding has been implied that â€Å"hydrogen bonds are not the key to DNA pairing after all† (Bradt 1997). The study suggests that it is more possible that the distinguishing and distinct shapes and sizes of each of the four DNA bases strengthen and suggest the 99. 9 percent accuracy of DNA replication. It has been illustrated like a space in a jigsaw puzzle wherein that space in the puzzle can only be filled by a piece that matches the shape of the space. That analogy means that there is only one base capable of squeezing into a DNA strand on its opposite given partner (Bradt 1997). According to Myron Goodman, a biologist and DNA expert from the University of Southern California, â€Å"the apparently inescapable conclusion is that hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) are not absolutely required,† this means that the results give a momentum and impetus to consider the role that the H-bonds play in stabilizing the DNA and enhancing the fidelity of DNA polymerase (Bradt 1997). Furthermore, there are still a number of factors that are responsible for the stability of the DNA double helix structure. Hydrogen bond is just among them. Although the hydrogen bond is weak, the millions of H-bonds showcase an extremely strong force that enables and keeps the DNA strand together (Rafael B. 2009). List of References Bradt, S. (1997) â€Å"Study: Hydrogen Bonds Aren’t Key to DNA Pairing After All. † Bio-Medicine [online] available from http://news. bio-medicine. org/biology-news-2/Study-3A-Hydrogen-Bonds-Arent-Key-To-DNA-Pairing-After-All-15262-1/ [13 February 2009] Day, A. (1996). â€Å"Hydrogen Bonds. † Birkbeck: University of London [online] available from http://www. cryst. bbk. ac. uk/PPS2/projects/day/TDayDiss/HBonds. html [13 February 2009] Emsley, J. (2000). â€Å"A New Way to Investigate the Hydrogen Bonds of DNA. † Science Watch [online] available from http://archive. sciencewatch. com/sept-oct2000/sw_sept-oct2000_page7. htm [13 February 2009] Ophardt, C. (c. 2003). â€Å"Intermolecular Forces: Hydrogen Bond. † El nhurst College: Virtual Chembook [online] available from http://www. elmhurst. edu/~chm/vchembook/161Ahydrogenbond. html [13 February 2009] Rafael B. (2009) â€Å"DNA Structure: Hydrogen Bonds. † Bright Hub [online] available from http://www. brighthub. com/science/genetics/articles/23384. aspx [13 February 2009] Structure and Bonding: The Hydrogen Bond. n. d. Prince Georges Community College [online] available from http://academic. pgcc. edu/~ssinex/struc_bond/hydrogen_bond. htm [13 February 2009] The Structure of DNA. n. d. Cambridge University [online] available from http://www-outreach. phy. cam. ac. uk/camphy/dna/dna11_1. htm [13 February 2009] Webmaster. (2005). â€Å"The Hydrogen Bond. † Gottingen University [online] available from http://www. hbond. de/ [13 February 2009]

Shakers :: essays research papers

Amish Documentary I.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Title:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Amish   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Date:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  12/23/04   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Time:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  12:30   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Library:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  West Linn Public Library II.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I have heard very little of the Amish people. I always seem to hear jokes made about them and conversations about how crazy they are for not using electricity. I decided that I actually wanted to learn about them to test the validity of the comments I hear. III.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Besides the fact that Amish where black, flat hats and don’t use electricity, I know nothing about the Amish. IV.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this documentary the filmmakers got a hold of a very articulate old Amish man. I enjoyed hearing him speak about what his life was like as a child. He explained a lot of things about his family and how they lived. There were several accounts of certain activities that they would do. For instance, after church the boys would get together and play this ball game where one would try to hit another with a hard ball. I would not expect that many other Amish cultures would do this, yet they are implying in the video that this is what all the Amish are like. There were also many stories told that showed just how strict these people were and how closely they followed their religion. The documentary stated that in order for the Amish to still make a living, more modernized tools had to be used. One of the ones recently accepted was the machine that milked cows mechanically. Without this, the Amish man explained, the Amish could not get by. The man also explained that his family and other families in his community would ask neighbors to take them in a car somewhere on occasion. Also, as time progressed, the Amish were allowed to use pay phones located outside of the village. I think it was great the filmmakers could get a source like this, but I only really heard about the religion/ lifestyle via one persons’ stories. I am sure that many of the things his family or community did were not the same as every single other Amish family or community. Also, I constantly recognized footage that I had seen before, in that same film. They were obviously just looking at one specific community. If there are thousand of different Amish people out there, there must be hundreds of different interpretations of the religion. I would have liked to see a different community and see how they lived to see if the Amish really were alike everywhere or if each community was unique.

Early Humans Essay

What animals did the early humans hunt for food? Early humans found meat from animals that were back in the day, the meat was not so common because before they had animals they had other types of food like for example, fruits from trees, nuts and sometimes even honey and the y also got berries form the burry bushes like raspberries, strawberries, blueberries and so on, but the animal that they always use to eat in the ancient times was the buffalo which was one of the most common animals in there specific villages and mostly when they would get the animals they would open them up with sharp things and then they would eat the meat and by the time they figured out fire they used fire to cook the food like we do know. How the early Human nut and got their food? Well the simple answer is that they used weapon to hunt the animals but we always thought that the early humans are stupid but the truth is that they are actually very smart because of the weapons they used for hunting and another thing they did to hunt food was that back in the early days there was a group of people called hunter gatherers and what hunter gatherers are is that basically a group of people for example from villages (mostly man) would go out to hunt for food mostly everyday and then when any of them would get food they will bring it to the group of people that they are and then the would most probably share the food with the people. And mostly the weapons would be made out of stones and wood. Also an example of the weapons they used wear spears and bows made out wood and stones. The most common food eaten nowadyaus are seeds. Also very populare is vegetables and fruits.

An Essay on the Characteristics and Development of Ancient City-States Essay

A city-state is defined as an independent or autonomous entity whose territory consists of a city which is not administered as part of a local government. Through reading the articles of Larson, Westenholz, and Neihmer it becomes apparent that city-states differ depending on the region and time they are in, and the purpose they serve. The three specific examples that come to mind are the Phoenicians, Assyrians, and the Sumerians. All three of these had unique characteristics that define each society; however, all three societies displayed enough similarities to make them definable as ancient city-states. One of the defining characteristics of a city-state is the fact that it is a self-governing and self-sufficient entity. Ancient city-states provided the first clear evidence for social stratification and most city-states contained a ruling family or dynasty, which controlled the city-state and it’s surrounding hinterlands by managing the land, water, and other natural resources. Each city state also contained a council of elders which helped the ruling family serve as a controlling body of local policy. However in Assyrian city-states there also existed a year-eponymy, which was a person who was elected for a single year to serve as the head of the city hall. He acted as the head of the city and carried out the executive orders form the higher officials suchas the king and the elders. In Sumerian city states, kings were referred to as â€Å"ensi† or â€Å"lugal† which were names that were meant to display to citizens his power and importance, and made his rule indisputable within society. Kings were relied upon to build not only monumental structures and temples for their respective deities, but also to maintain a functional infrastructure. In Phoenician city states, The king was landlord of pretentious places and sacrificial buildings. This display exists in many city- states and not only in Phoenician culture. The king demonstrated his power through buildings such as tombs and temples, but however, he was also the leading figure in charge of maintenance of public places, and in most cities, the defensive wall. There is sufficient evidence of city-walls consistently across all ancient city-states, but the reason these walls existed remains unclear. There is no archaeological evidence of warfare, or conflict between city- states. One of the most logical reasons for these walls to exist was to serve a symbolic purpose because the interior area would be posses a more clear political identity. The Assyrians, in dealing with enemies, took a unique and strict political regime that limited trade and dealings with other city-states, and as evidenced by the archaeological record, in a letter. Their particular rule stated that if any merchant traded with a Akkadian Amorite or a Subariean, then the merchant would be put to death. Laws such as this one established a clear political stance that many cities held on many issues concerning interactions with outsiders. Though The city ruler acted as the city god’s human deputy and managed the assets of the city as a whole. there is also sufficient evidence for long- distance trade. City- states developed in Phoenician, Assyrian, and Sumerian society as important trade resources and had a significant impact on culture. Prominent city-states were key to cultural development because they were able to support local artisans and were key centers of trade, which enabled different cultures to influence one another. Sumerian city-states were located in key trade locations because their own agricultural opportunities were scarce, and they heavily relied on the trade of barley, beer and textiles to other places in order to obtain food resources form elsewhere in order to support their population. In Assyrian society, the economy was controlled by ruling families and therefore, trade was regulated depending on the ruling class. These city-states productivity was dependent upon the weather for that year, so trade would fluctuate depending on the success of the season. For Phoenician city- states, there is sufficient archaeological evidence for long- distance trade, shown in the influence and presence of foreign art and style. Furthermore, archeological evidence is supplied in the discovery of cylinder seals, which were used to ensure the authenticity of the item being traded or shipped, and ensure its condition, if the seal remained unbroken. Key developments in ancient city- states are displayed in the changes of city plan’s and architecture, as well as further developments in trade. In some cases, cities were set up in tribute to a specific deity. These cities were mainly located on a hill, with a temple on the highest point, with the rest of the city built around the center temple. These temples not only served as places of religious worship and practice, but also served as cultural and economic centers. A distinguishing characteristic of many ancient city- states is, dominant palaces, temples†¦of sometimes monumental size and form†¦lie next to tightly knit living quarters traversed by an irregular network of streets, and in most cases these cities had irregular and unique city plans from one another. The proximity of the households to the temple showed the importance and the involvement of the temple in the daily life of the citizens. Furthermore, the layout of the city also demonstrates social stratification.

The Art of Receiving - Guest Post by Ann Murgatroyd-Soe

The Art of Receiving - Guest Post by Ann Murgatroyd-Soe A few weeks ago, I went to my spinal care practitioner and asked her to check some pain I’ve been having in my wrist. After completing some physical adjustments to my arm, she said, â€Å"Remember to receive. You don’t need to push all the time. Just receive.† Receiving is not something I’ve historically been great at, but I’m inspired to do more of it. That’s why I was particularly inspired by the following article by a woman leader in my community. I think you’ll be inspired too by her vulnerability and willingness to receive, when she has always been the â€Å"strong† one. When the Helper Needs Help Christie and I talk and teach often about The Art of Receiving. Most of us tend to be great givers, but we struggle with receiving.  Christie and I had just decided this would be the playshop we would be holding for our travel tribe on this trip-little did we both know how we would personally be in the need to receive on this trip! We were coming off an amazing, deeply spiritual sunrise ceremony on the sacred Ganges River.  I was in an open, loving, peaceful state as we entered the streets of Varanasi, where my senses were overtaken by the sheer magnitude of people, sounds, uncontrolled traffic speeding within inches of us, the unrelenting pace and push of the street vendors and people seemingly in need at such a level that I had never witnessed before.  We had been advised not to bring out money and had been â€Å"prepped† for what we would see and experience, but I was still completely overwhelmed in both heart and mind. My love and I were approached by a woman with a baby that appeared lethargic in her arms.  She cried and pleaded with us over and over for money for food. I tried to keep moving and look ahead for safety as we were instructed to do.  The sound of her pleading and of Joel having to say over and over he was sorry but couldn’t stop or help was just more than my heart could take. In my thoughts there was no acceptable answer or action.  If it was the truth, she and her baby were in such need and we wanted to help.  If it was that she was being exploited by men who would then collect all the money or objects she was given it was a terrible abuse and we would be enabling if we reached out. There was no way in that moment we could help.  The helper in me was devastated.  The thoughts hit me so hard I was literally stunned. I had a completely unexpected, shake me to my core, break my heart open, can’t process fast enough, can’t breathe, can’t, can’t, can’t moment on the streets of Varanasi.  I could feel the breath leaving my body and the sights and sounds begin to dim around me. I called out to Joel as we got separated and my arm got lightly clipped by a passing motorcycle. He thought I was just asking him to walk with me so he stayed his helpful course.  It was the last straw and I burst into tears calling out to him loudly that I couldn’t make it, that I wasn’t okay. Here I was, the helper, the facilitator, the leader, in such a state of vulnerability and overload that I couldn’t get my breath or my bearings. I was quickly wrapped in the safety of Joel’s arms and in the love of several of my travel companions who approached gently from behind and let me know they were right there with me. I let myself be held and protected for the res t of that long walk back to our bus. As I was crying and trying to catch my breath a young man came up likely to sell to us but he saw my pain and didn’t.  He asked Joel several times, â€Å"Why is your wife sad, why is she crying?† Joel’s reply as he held me tight and kept walking was â€Å"She is just a little sad, a little overwhelmed.† I will never forget what that young man said next and it was what quite literally brought my breath back and helped me regain my strength.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"You are a very lucky man, your wife has the most beautiful, loving heart.†Ã‚  This is the core of love in the people that we saw and experienced over and over on our journey through India. Back at our hotel, I was feeling embarrassed. I thought I had let others down. I found myself starting to apologize but was quickly met with another opportunity to receive. This is just a bit of what I heard:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"No need for sorry.  You were just in complete compassion in that moment.†Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"It was beautiful how much your heart felt.†Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"No need to apologize, you were just the one to express and release what all of us were feeling in that street today.† This was a life-changing lesson in the Art of Receiving for me and this Helper has learned on an even deeper level how to open herself to help. Ann Murgatroyd-Soe, Hot Pink University When’s the last time you found yourself apologizing for having your feelings or showing your weakness? To me, the ability to show this level of vulnerability is a true strength. As you venture further into the year 2016, I encourage you to find your own opportunities to receive. I think you’ll find that the people around you are more than willing to give. Category:Life and LeadershipBy Brenda BernsteinJanuary 25, 2016

The Appeals Process Stage of a Criminal Case

The Appeals Process Stage of a Criminal Case Anyone convicted of a crime has the right to appeal that conviction if they believe a legal error has occurred. If you have been convicted of a crime and plan to appeal, you are no longer known as the defendant, you are now the appellant in the case. In criminal cases, an appeal asks a higher court to look at the record of the trial proceedings to determine if a legal error occurred that may have affected the outcome of the trial or the sentence imposed by the judge. Appealing Legal Errors An appeal rarely challenges the decision of the jury, but rather challenges any legal errors that the judge or the prosecution may have made during the trial. Any ruling that the judge made during the preliminary hearing, during pre-trial motions and during the trial itself can be appealed if the appellant believes the ruling was in error. For example, if your lawyer made a pre-trial motion challenging the legality of the search of your car and the judge ruled that the police did not need a search warrant, that ruling can be appealed because it allowed evidence to be seen by the jury that would not have otherwise seen. Notice of Appeal Your attorney will have plenty of time to prepare your formal appeal, but in most states, you have a limited time to announce your intention to appeal your conviction or sentence. In some states, you have only 10 days to decide if there are issues that can be appealed. Your notice of appeal will need to include the exact issue or issues upon which you are basing your appeal. Many appeals have been rejected by higher courts simply because the appellant waited too long to raise the issue. Records and Writs When you appeal your case, the appellate court will receive the record of the criminal trial and all rulings leading up to the trial. Your attorney will file a written brief outlining why you believe your conviction was affected by legal error. The prosecution likewise will file a written brief telling the appellate court why it believes the ruling was legal and appropriate. Usually, after the prosecution files its brief, the appellant can file a follow-up brief in rebuttal. The Next Highest Court Although it does happen, the attorney who handled your criminal trial will probably not handle your appeal. Appeals are usually handled by lawyers who have experience with the appeals process and working with higher courts. Although the appeals process varies from state to state, the process generally starts with the next highest court in the system - state or federal - in which the trial was held. In most cases, this is the state appellate. The party that loses at the appeals court  can apply to the next highest court, usually the state supreme court. If the issues involved in the appeal are constitutional, the case can then be appealed to the federal district appeals court and eventually to the U.S. Supreme Court. Direct Appeals/Automatic Appeals Anyone who is sentenced to death is automatically given a direct appeal. Depending on the state, the appeal may be mandatory or dependent on the defendants choice. Direct appeals always go to the highest court in the state. In federal cases, the direct appeal goes to the federal courts.A panel of judges decides on the outcome of direct appeals. The judges then can either affirm the conviction and sentence, reverse the conviction, or reverse the death sentence.  The losing side can then  petition for a writ of certiorari with the U.S. Supreme Court.   Appeals Rarely Successful Very few criminal trial appeals are successful. Thats why when a criminal appeal is granted, it makes headlines in the media because it is rare. In order for a conviction or a sentence to be overturned, the appeals court not only must find that an error occurred, but also that the error was clear and serious enough to affect the outcome of the trial. A criminal conviction can be appealed on the basis that the strength of the evidence presented a trial did not support the verdict. This type of appeal is significantly more expensive and much more lengthy than a legal error appeal and even more rarely successful.

Conquest of Mexico by Spanish Conquistadors Essay

Conquest of Mexico by Spanish Conquistadors - Essay Example He offered men who served under him significant training and discipline, allowing them to operate as a unified soldiers’ unit. In addition, he ensured to burn his ships to ensure that retreat was not possible for his men (Taylor). Cortes was aware of Aztecs, realizing that they together with Montezuma II, who served as their leader, served as the key driving forces of Mexico. As such, Cortes was driven by the urge to rule over them. While marching through Mexico, he experienced several natives referred to as Tlaxcala, who served as Aztecs’ enemies. In this case, this group served as a vital ally during his Tenochtitlan siege, which was then the capital city of Aztec. Without the knowledge of Cortes, Aztec’s prophecy coincided with his arrival. Quetzalcoatl, who was the god of Aztec, who they are associated with the creation human life was about to come back to earth. Since Montezuma thought that Cortes was Quetzalcoatl, they welcomed him while showing him great h onor. Montezuma sent various representatives to welcome Cortes as he approached. The light skin of the Spaniards while riding horses amazed the Aztecs, which they considered as beasts having six legs and two heads. To intimidate as well as stun the natives further, the Spanish fired gunshots. On entry to the city, Spanish soldiers together with the Tlaxcalans dismissed it, taking Montezuma hostage. With the assistance of Dona Marina, Cortes managed to influence Montezuma to facilitate in ruling Tenochtitlan while using him.

Human Resource (HR) Module in SAP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Human Resource (HR) Module in SAP - Essay Example These products target different aspects or functionalities of a business and offer services accordingly. In this scenario, SAP’s Module for Human Resource Management is also called human resource management system that is commonly used to manage human resource related activities for the business organizations. With an integrated SAP ERP HCM software solution for managing all the human resource related operations, a business organization can be able to more enthusiastically recognize where their workforce's talents are at the present and bring into line the objectives of their employees with their business's overarching business policy. In addition, using this real-time approach to deal with human resources, a business is able to take advantage completely from human-capital policies and programs; and as a result determine their workforce's support to the bottom line. ... Moreover, with integrated building blocks and a matchless partner system, the system facilitates shared services and business operations outsourcing and minimizes operating expenses and risk for these operational models (SAP; kristine; Newman). This paper presents an overview of SAP ERP Human Resource System. This report will outline some of the important aspects of HR Module including its major functions and features. 2- SAP HR The objective of the Human Resources module is to facilitate businesses to process staff related data according to varying needs and requirements of a particular business organization in an efficient and effective manner. Basically, this module makes use of a system of data which is clustered collectively in a specific form known as info-types.   In this scenario, infotypes displays a number of linked data records. Additionally, the infotypes are identified by means of a four character numerical string [for example infotype Addresses (0006)] as well as a co mprehensive listing is incorporated. In fact, an organization can make use of the infotypes with time condition to facilitate a retroactive assessment of their staff data. In addition, the infotypes appears as an entry screen intended for client, through which the employees of an organization are able to enter, update and maintain infotype records.  Moreover, infotypes can also be processed independently or in immediate entry mode (ERP Great; Sieber, Siau and Nah; Jena, Baboo and Patnaik).   3- Main modules of SAP HR? SAP’s Human Capital Management (HCM) module integrates all the functionalities and procedures in three categories (ERP Great): 3.1- Workforce Process Management   This part of module integrates below given

The Role of Women In The U.S. Military Research Paper

The Role of Women In The U.S. Military - Research Paper Example They were first introduced in military in World War I (1914-1918). Initially, the women did serve the military as nurses and also did a number of clerical jobs. After World War II, they were given permanent positions in US military under the Women Armed Services Integration Act, 1948. However, they were restricted to only 2% of the total US military. They were also not allowed higher positions of Generals in army. In 1978, female auxiliaries found in military branches were abolished by Congress and integrated forces were created for the first time. Women were also allowed to take part in many jobs other than those of healthcare and technicians. However, they were still restricted to be included in combat positions. The need of inclusion of women in combat positions was first recognized after the Gulf war in 1991. The women supported the armed forces on combat positions in the war. This brought the women to front lines. Their impressive and extraordinary services in the war gave groun d for the Defense Department of America to reconsider the ban imposed on the women to be included for combat positions. In 1993, the women were allowed to render their services on combat warships and aircrafts. Many military female officers welcomed the alterations. However, critics were of the view that these changes would damage the fighting ability of US forces. However, despite all criticism, more and more women were included for combat positions of US military. During Serbian conflict of 1999, women served as combat pilots in US Air force. Women were took part in Navy combat positions. However, during Iraq War, when two female Johnson and Lynch were captured, a debate regarding women services on combat positions started again. The role of women in US military for technical and healthcare jobs is acceptable for everyone. However, the deployment of women on combat positions is still a controversial issue. There are two view points, one that supports the deployment of women on com bat positions; and other that opposed such deployment. Both have their own arguments supporting their stand. DEPLOYMENT OF WOMEN FOR COMBAT POSITIONS IS ACCEPTABLE: SUPPORTERS’ VIEWS: The critics of women inclusion in combat points argue that the gender-integration of military will damage the morale of the women. This is the same argument which was made before when the US military was being integrated after the long segregation of whole military on racial basis. However, it is noticed later on that the racial integration of the army did not decrease the morale of the army. The same is the case with the inclusion of women for combat roles. The supporters argue that it is just a vague argument that the gender-desegregation of military will reduce the morale and efficiency of the military just as made previously about racial-desegregation of army. The supporters also criticize the point that women are physically weaker than men naturally. It is true but in non-physical attribute s, women are as much stronger as men are. They are psychologically stronger than men. However, some psychologists say that women are subjected to mental disorder same like men. Gender-integration may bring some positive effects on the overall performance of military. It increases the professional standards level of military and also brings cohesion which is by no means defective or less effective than found among men. So, there is no reason to believe that gender-desegregated units on combat positi

The Strategic plan for Toyota Company

The Strategic plan for Toyota Company Executive Summary: The Strategic plan for Toyota is to serve as guideline for conducting and coordinating development, research, marketing ,and all other business activities across the motor industry and for increasing the development of new and exciting efforts based on identification of region in the motor invention opportunity and challenges. Then strategic plan shows a dynamic or changing planning process and brings multidirectional research and manufacturing agenda, together with an interlinked collection of goals and strategies for attaining those goals. Once the plan is setup, it is implemented in the reality for analysing and testing those formed strategies about its effectiveness and attractiveness. Toyota follow the concept of strategy can be updated and changed anytime whenever it is in need of that. Strategy is not any fixed rule that any origination when establishes it, can not change. That means Strategy can be modified anytime when needed. But unless it is updated or said to be changed, all the stakeholders have to follow that to achieve the collective goals of the origination. Some time there is strategy failure in the organisation. But Toyota has never experienced its strategy failure ever. There is constant monitoring of the implemented strategy in Toyota Company in Order To identify the effectiveness and efficiency of implemented strategy. As the Toyota has got distributed architecture of management, all its branch around the world can adopt and implement any separate strategy plan in order to balance the pressure of localization. Literature Review: Seen from the almost mid seventies, it can be noted that scholars can make big difference between big and small business in term of sophistication level, needs, and strategic planning. Pearson and Bracker(1986), Ibrahim and rue(1998), Perry(2001) and Wijewanrena Zoysa, Perera and Fonseka (2004) they all formulated the exact definition of strategic planning which take the distinct of small businesses in consideration and gives the chance that any small businesses cant make on management and resources in a way same as large businesses do. Then findings of piric shows that at correlation between performance and strategic planning. Nevertheless, those findings are mixed. The survey conducted on twenty-six different studies based on experiments Cardinal and Miller (1994) to find an appropriate positive connection between small business performance and strategic planning. In 1982, Robinson argued that very high level of profitability as well as growth in share value and sales return and quantity of employees, who are working fulltime, in a set of small businesses which has paid the consultants from out of the company for strategic planning purpose. Comparing with other business Pearson and Bracker (1986) discovered an appropriate growth in income and remuneration per entrepreneur in business activities that has prepared that strategic course of action to be followed. But not much increase observed in the expenditure (salary) divided on the sum total of sales. A significant differentiation in the rate of sales increase was found by Rue and Ibrahim (1998) in small businesses that incorporated written planning (basic or sophisticated), as opposed to other businesses. Perry (2001) detected a significant differentiation in the degree to which planning was conducted in small businesses that did not applied for bankruptcy as opposed to those that did. Wijewardena et al. (2004) define three levels of planning: no written planning; basic planning; and detailed planning. The findings indicate that the level of planning stands in direct proportion to the level of increase in sales. Yusuf and Saffu (2005) classify three levels of planning: low; moderate; and high. A connection was found between increase in sales and the low level of planning. No correlation was found between strategic planning and increases in market share or in profitability. Andrews (1998) argued that corporate strategy is decision pattern in any organisation that reveals and determines its goals and objectives, then helps to produce principal plans and policies for achieving formed goals, and also expresses the business range that company can pursuer. Strategy Reveals and identifies the companys purpose in terms of action program, long term goals and objectives and available resources allocation priorities: Finding the business in the organisation where it is in, or it is to be in. Helps to find out distinct task for managers at functional, business and corporate levels Is a unifying, coherent and integrative patterns of making decisions Is organisations strategic intoned expression process Is for nurturing and developing intend of the organisation. Part 2: Analysis Task 1 Construct a management strategy. A) Identify an organisation of your choice which you will discuss as an example in this assignment and give your reasons for choosing this organisation. The organisation I have chosen for this assignment is Toyota Motor Company. The company counts under worlds top ten largest companies and stands second in overall vehicles production worldwide. This organisation has always been of my interest and would like to see further to be a part of it. As the company is in the height of success, it has a very effective and successful strategy management. The company initiated on fourteenth February 1867 has now expanded into a massive motor production known worldwide. The success of any organisation depends on how it is structured, organised, managed and controlled, and in this company all of these important functions are well managed. While having a research on this company it was found very interesting on how the company strategy are set, measured and managed. Therefore i choose Toyota Company, as the best example for this assignment. B) Who are the major stakeholders of your organisation and what considerations should be made to ensure their (stakeholder) participation in developing management strategy? In this complex world, any corporate activities to remain sustainable must consider what society demands and how to work for the best interest of the organisations shareholder. Any person or group that are affected or can be affected by the organisation activities are stakeholders. There are numbers of stakeholders for Toyota Company (external and internal). Toyotas major stakeholders Internal stakeholders Owners/Shareholders of the organisation Employees Senior management team unions External stakeholders Customers Business partners/suppliers Local communities Government Debt holders Environmentalist For all these groups or individual it is important to understand their expectations in detail and how these might differ from each other and the extent to which they are likely to seek influence over an organisations purposes and strategies. These stakeholders have divergent interest therefore they create conflict of interest. Therefore management should set such a strategy that their personal goal leads toward the overall goal of the organisation. In order to achieve that target it is important to have their active participation in management strategy. Given below are some considerations to be made for large motor company like Toyota for active participation of its stakeholders. Shareholders participation: as they are the owner of the organisation, company should run on their best interest. Therefore before setting any strategy there should be the clear vision on what the shareholder wants and how are they going to measure it. After knowing on what direction they want to lead the company and what are their long terms and short term objectives strategy should me made accordingly. Participation of internal stakeholders: Employees or staffs plays a vital role to meet the target of the organisation, therefore it is important to know what kind of environment they want to work on, what kind of culture they are expecting and how can it be set. For instance in Toyota motor company, business is totally oriented on production staff and IT staff thus workable environment is most essential factor. Therefore during strategy formation needs and demands of employees should be considered. Dispute among management and employees can lead to a huge loss even company can collapse, for instance regular strike (recent postal strikes), staff absenteeism, staff turnover etc. Involvement of It department: In 21st century IT plays a vital role. In this competitive market company must have latest technology and infrastructures which can kill or can be killed. Thus IT departments involvement is must in formulating any strategy from the start. Meetings, decision making and reports: the success of company depends on how well the strategy of the company is set. Therefore during planning and formulating strategy all important stakeholders should be called for meeting for group decision. At least a member from external stakeholder should be given to attain the meeting. Experts views and senior management involvement is must in decision making process whose progress can be measured and analysed. Management style: Senior management, staffs, supplier, creditors and production department should interact with each other and deicide on what management technique they want to adopt say directing style, teamwork style, and participatory style and so on. C) What are the key criteria that should be considered when reviewing management strategies options? Following are the criteria for reviewing management strategy: 1. Countrys regulations and restriction: the countrys regulation and restriction has main impact. Strategy formed must be according to the countrys regulation and restriction when the business of Toyota is running 2. Flexibility: Ability of an organization to effect changes in the process components (activities, inputs, resources, information etc.) in a timely manner usually in response to changes in business environment and stakeholders needs. 3. Sustainability: has no negative impact on the global or local environment, community, society, or economy-a business that strives to meet the triple bottom line. Often, sustainable businesses have progressive environmental and human rights policies. 4. Resources: the availability of resources in the organisation. It also needs to be considered while reviewing potential options. 5. Alternative functions and strategy: while reviewing it is necessary to go and analysis all others alternatives too so that best alternative could be selected. 6. Overall planning and possible outcomes D) Describe a situation with your chosen organisation where a potential strategy might be developed to resolve an issue. Produce an appropriate strategy and indicate its resource requirements. Toyota is already very grown company and its all most all level of management is, I can say best. But still after going throw number of reading and analysis I can say that the Toyota can make more output than it is getting now. It has enough resources and infrastructures and capability to handle any kind of innovative development. But this could be more effective if the human resources could be used more effectively. Here is one hypothetical strategy example presented by me to explain how to create a good strategy Implement the Framework Agreement through the successful alignment of company and staff objectives in the management and treatment of staff. Implement new pay structures for all staff which guarantee equal pay for work of equal value and provide transparent mechanisms for both career and pay progression. Ensure that all managers have successfully realigned their approach to deliver the more effective performance management which should be one of the major outcomes of the implementation of the Framework Agreement. Execute a systematic, transparent and equitable job evaluation process which will be uniformly applied to all posts and informed by rigorous equal pay review. Achieve greater harmonization of staff pay and conditions. Pilot a new approach to the review of all staff which will promote their professional development and will facilitate the effective and equitable introduction of performance pay, with the least bureaucracy possible. Pursue fairness as a guiding principle in relation to all company behaviours Challenge current arrangements by which specific staff groups are excluded from particular activities and introduce new transparent policies, no longer based on unjustified notions of status or narrow expectations of contribution, which will increase morale and facilitate more productive networking between colleagues. Improve the way in which the Company recruits, employs, manages, develops and rewards its contract researchers by introducing improved arrangements upon the basis of a careful analysis of the overall impact of the Company almost exclusive, reliance on the use of fixed-term contracts in relation to these and other members of staff. ensuring that all staff receive equal opportunity and diversity training Improve the Companys performance by recruiting new staff of the highest quality and motivating existing Colleagues. Review Companys staffing strategies, in the light of the objectives, in terms of the age, gender, ethnicity and seniority of the staff to be recruited, the balance to be achieved between the numbers of academic and support posts to be filled and the precise competences to be sought with regard to all advertised positions. Assess, through appropriate benchmarking of the performance of other like companies, the effectiveness of current search procedures and induction arrangements. Ensure that the company response to the Framework Agreement motivates and assists the retention of those staff who make significant contributions to the companys success, utilizing a diversity of approaches to reward and a flexible approach to career development which allows advancement and lateral development of jobs Enhance the well-being of all colleagues as engaged members of a caring Company community. Encourage productive and open interaction about concerns and issues, by, for example, making improved use of the communication channel afforded by the Staff Survey. Ensure the provision by Human Resources of a service which is highly supportive and regarded as both accessible and effective. Preserve the privacy and security of all colleagues in a period in which Company is attracting much external interest Task 2: Develop Vision, Mission, Objectives and Measures. A) For your chosen organisation, list the down its ethical, cultural, environmental, social and business objectives. How are these influenced by the current business and economic climate? Toyotas objectives are discussed below: Business objectives: To maximize shareholders wealth and giving them returns on their capital invested. Effective working capital management Cost management Quality production Resources utilization (manpower, capital, assets and other) Public image in market (national and international) Overcome competition Ethical objectives: No compromise in ethics True and fair presentations, comply with law and standards (in United Stated list and tick basis whereas in The United Kingdom follow what standards say if not explain why?) Maintain highest level of honesty, integrity, professionalism and ethical behaviours. Cultural social and environmental objectives: See foreseeable future needs, companys responsibilities as a manufacturer company and always take proactive steps that benefits customers as well as society. Proper waste management as a corporate social responsibility Protect whistle blowers and have regular meetings and review on social, cultural and environmental issues. Guarantee safety, peace of mind and comfort to its valuable customers Quality production ( Toyota has commercialized vehicles such as the Prius hybrid vehicle that achieve superior driving performance, in addition to high fuel efficiency and low exhaust emissions, source www2.toyota.co.jp). Employment generation. In present, business market has been worse ever due to hard time of recession. Because of economic recession most industries are facing huge wealth loss. As a result Toyotas sales percentage has been effected and having hard time to meet its first and important objective. Company believes it will be better once the market revive. Due to current market situation people are forced to leave their job and are made redundant. However to meet its business objective company has adopted JUST IN TIME (JIT) principle. To make best use of the staff idle time the company staff has starting engaging themselves on activities like promoting green clean environment. Therefore, although the market and economic situation influence the objectives of the company but it depend on how can it be minimised and managed. B) Describe the role of vision and mission statement of chosen organisation. Mission Statement Toyota is a very successful manufacturing company with a mission to contribute to peoples lifestyles, society, and economy through automotive manufacturing. The company is to benefit people worldwide with an affordable automobile. Furthermore company wants customer satisfaction, safety, peace of mind and comfort which protects the goodwill and ultimately provides very attractive returns to its owners. Some of the corporate principles of Toyota are: Respect each trading countrys language and culture. Provide safe and clean product to enhance quality of life through the companys activities. Create new technologies to meet customers changing demand Foster corporate culture and built mutual respect and trust between labour and senior management. Work together with its partner to achieve mutual benefit together with long term growth. Vision statement Toyota aims to achieve long term, stable growth in harmony with the environment, the global economy, the local communities it serves, and its stakeholders. (Hiroshi Okuda, Chairman, July 2003) Company aims to continuously offer its customer combination of environment friendly, safe and comfortable quality automobile and continuously improve: Customer services Quality and design Economic and durable The details of companys mission and vision are stated above and below are the explanation of its role: Role of vision and mission statement Figure1.  Key Roles of Mission and Vision (Source: http://www.flatworldknowledge.com/pub/1.0/principles-management/29026 ) Mission and vision is all about organizations objectives and purpose. As in the figure above mission and vision statement helps to set companys strategy. Mission and vision statement acts as a stepping-stone for the employee for better understanding of companys strategy and its implementation. These statements helps to shape companys strategy and can helps in evaluating performance and achieving its targets. For instance, in this case of Toyota Company, it is moving forward vision urges management to find newer and environmentally friendly way of delighting the purchaser of their cars. Therefore the success of business depends upon how well its mission and vision statement are stated and to achieve those how well the strategy are planned and implemented. C) Indicate how it is possible for an organisation to evaluate the achievement of its objectives: There are three important parts for the evaluation process: By making the group of 4 to 5 stakeholders with experts objective achievement need to be evaluated which helps to measure the level objectives met against the objectives and plans set. Forming the group of leaders evaluation of achievement in percentage of their ideas and goals is measured. In fact this stage indicates the level of attainment of the strategic and significant goals proposed by leaders. Social evaluation: for evaluating quality, attitude, work efficiency, work effectiveness, justness and influences from customers and society. The primary phase of performance evaluation is conducted by a numbers of people (5 to 8) who can be from both internal as well as external of the organisation to examine accurately and correctly without biasing report in one direction i.e. independent of others. Second phase evaluation is done by senior leaders of the organisation and the social appraisal is carried out by group formed from representative of given social aspects above in chart. Therefore the evaluation process is 360 degree and it is the combination of both bottom-up and top-down approach. Phase Assessors Number of Assessor Objective Achievement Internal/external examiner including expert 3-5 Leaders evaluation Top level managements (directors, chairman, CEO, stakeholders, departments managers, etc.) All leaders almost Social Appraisal All person concerned with community and society like community members, environmentalist, government representative, citizen representative, employees or staffs themselves, human rights 360 social entities including customers (Source: Book on Corporate strategy 2001 written by: Mk Bhatt) Task 3 A) Discuss how a timetable for strategy implementation can be determined. Include a sample timetable, to include key milestones and their timings After overall planning and formation of organisations strategy it is important to bring it in practise with the obligation to finish by its deadline. Every project and plan has its life and for the given time table it is assumed that the first stage starts from first week of November with a deadline of October 2014.each activities are evaluated, analysed, reviewed and reported on yearly basis or half yearly if required. Implementing HRM Strategy The framework agreement implementation by staff and company corporate objectives in both the treatment as well as management of staff. All colleagues well-being enhancement for making employees engaged member for company caring. Motivating all staffs and recruiting new quality staffs to improve the performance and compete in the market Pursue true and fair guidance principle in relation to company behaviors Implementing Marketing Strategy Advertising, Join The Chamber of Commerce, Participation in Car Shows B) How might the dissemination process be used to help an organisation gain commitment to its strategy and the implementation of this? Monitory term is not always sufficient to bring commitment and motivate people to follow vision of the organisation. Positive outcomes and commitment from staff in the organisation can be obtained by practising 3 complementary and distinct leadership (Antonakis and House 2002; 2004). Among all the complementary and distinct leadership, successful cascading leadership takes place in 3 stages: Stage1: Creating vision stage, Stage2: Created vision and strategies distribution, and Stage3: Monitoring and controlling the effect of the stage 2. 1. Vision creation stage: For this propose, a team of stakeholders with experts come into play that go through number of analysis and deep understanding of different images of the company future. In order to make vision realistic, it must be formed in the form of pictures so that it can be easily felt, understand, and followed by followers and this will also implicate follower action (Den Hartog and Verburg 1997). All the team members must show their equal participation and contribution to the vision formation. At this stage need, importance of strategic initiatives must be articulated to gain the agreement from the all followers and make vision to happen. 2. Using Effective communication distributing the formed strategies and vision: To make mission, vision and strategies formed successful, it is necessary to share this information to all level of organisation ranging from higher level of management to lower level of management. Very effective channel for communication must be used to share and distribute this among the stockholders. Here, the formed vision is converted into concrete actions, and then the implementation plans and milestones are set. 3. Monitor the impact of stage 2: Regular monitoring is very important to know how effectively works are going on. It is necessary to share this information to all level of organisation ranging from higher level of management to lower level of management. Very effective channel for communication must be used to share and distribute this among the stockholders. Here, the formed vision is converted into concrete actions, and then the implementation plans and milestones are set to share this information to all level of organisation ranging from higher level of management to lower level of management. Very effective channel for communication must be used to share and distribute this among the stockholders. C) Describe the importance of monitoring and evaluation of new strategy. Outline how this might be achieved. Importance of Monitoring Monitoring of any new strategy from the time of implementation to its completion is very important in order to make comparison against plan developed and past strategies. The effectiveness or non-effectiveness of any strategy can be only determined by its monitoring after implementation. Therefore all the strategy, not only just new, must be monitor toed in the business process. It also helps to identify and establish what is happening now, what may happen in the future and then compare these trends against existing policies and targets to determine what needs to be done. Once the data or observation is made on the implemented new strategy we do evaluation of that to be sure about effectiveness and efficiency of that particular strategy. Once it is evaluated, it will be helpful for future level of effective strategy formation. Monitoring and evaluation process moves together and can be achieved in the following ways. Determine what to measure: Identify who will be involved in the design, implementation, and reporting. Engaging stakeholders helps ensure their perspectives are understood and feedback is incorporated. Clarify scope, purpose, intended use, audience, and budget for evaluation. Develop the questions to answer what you want to learn as a result of your work. Establish Predetermined Standards: Indicators are meant to provide a clear means of measuring achievement, to help assess the performance, or to reflect changes. They can be either quantitative and/or qualitative. A process indicator is information that focuses on how a program is implemented. Measure actual Performance: Determine the data collection methods like Examples of methods are: document reviews, questionnaires, surveys, and interviews. Analysis and evaluation: Review the information obtained to see if there are patterns or trends that emerge from the process. Evaluation and Control The process of analyzing data and understanding findings should provide you with recommendations about how to strengthen your work, as well as any mid-term adjustments you may need to make. Communicate your findings and insights to stakeholders and decide how to use the results to strengthen your organizations efforts. Monitoring and evaluation not only help organizations reflect and understand past performance, but serve as a guide for constructive changes during the period of implementation. Conclusion From my evaluation, I have realised that the measurement of the performance had been based on communication, human resources commitment, finance, cost and time. The overall result reveals that the strategy which was used by the company was successful as the added to the organisational core competencies shows that the company has the ability to face the future competitive factor that might be prevalent in the business environment in the nearest future. The company, by believing in the committed leadership could achieve its strategic because the company has lots of consistency in the commitment.